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<title>Laborer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laborer</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Laborer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Cement workers at the <a href="Laborers'_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">Laborers' International Union of North America</a> Training Center in <a href="DeForest%2C_Wisconsin" title="DeForest, Wisconsin">DeForest, Wisconsin</a>, 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Manual labor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a>, <a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br>employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Construction site, Yard Manufacturing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>laborer</b> (<a href="American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>labourer</b>) is a person who works in <a href="Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labor</a> typed within the <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> industry. There is a generic <a href="Factory" title="Factory">factory</a> laborer which is defined separately as a factory worker. Laborers are in a <a href="Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> of <a href="Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage-earners</a> in which their only possession of significant material value is their <a href="Labour_(human_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (human activity)">labor</a>. Industries employing laborers include building things such as roads, road paving, buildings, bridges, tunnels, pipelines civil and industrial, and railway tracks. Laborers work with <a href="Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">blasting</a> tools, <a href="Laborer_hand_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Laborer hand tools">hand tools</a>, <a href="Power_tool" title="Power tool">power tools</a>, <a href="Air_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Air tools">air tools</a>, and small <a href="Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">heavy equipment</a>, and act as assistants to tradesmen as well <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as operators or cement masons. The 1st century BC engineer <a href="Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> writes that a good crew of laborers is just as valuable as any other aspect of construction. Other than the addition of <a href="Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatics</a>, laborer practices have changed little. With the introduction of field technologies, the laborers have been quick to adapt to the use of this technology as being laborers' <a href="Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_equipment">Tools and equipment</h2></div>

<p>The following tools are considered a minimum for a laborer to keep with them: <a href="Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a>, <a href="Diagonal_pliers" title="Diagonal pliers">pliers w/ side-cutters</a>, <a href="Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">utility knife</a>, <a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">tape measure</a>, <a href="Locking_pliers" title="Locking pliers">locking pliers</a>, <a href="Adjustable_spanner" title="Adjustable spanner">crescent wrench</a>, <a href="Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a>, <a href="Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">margin trowel</a>, <a href="Carpenter's_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter's pencil">carpenter's pencil</a> or <a href="Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, tool belt and one pouch (bag). In addition: a <a href="Five_gallon_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Five gallon bucket">five gallon bucket</a> with additional tools, toolbelt suspenders, <a href="Canteen_(bottle)" title="Canteen (bottle)">water jug</a> and lunchbox are recommended.

</p><p>Most <a href="Safety_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety equipment">safety equipment</a> that is consumed or work specific, for example <a href="Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">hard hat</a>, <a href="Safety_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety glasses">safety glasses</a>, <a href="Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing protection</a>, gloves, <a href="Safety_harness" title="Safety harness">fall protection</a>, <a href="High-visibility_clothing" title="High-visibility clothing">high-visibility clothing</a>, <a href="Wellington_boot" title="Wellington boot">concrete boots</a>, <a href="Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>/<a href="Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">dust mask</a> and <a href="Steel-toe_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel-toe boots">toe guards</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are provided by the employer as part of <a href="Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">construction site safety</a>.

</p><p>Personal safety equipment, for example, full leather boots (some long-time laborers believe steel toes are dangerous on the construction site; it is better to have crushed toes than toes cut off by the crushed steel - a belief proven wrong by several studies<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), high-strength pants - <a href="Carhartt" title="Carhartt">canvas</a> or <a href="Jeans" title="Jeans">denim</a> (some modify thighs with a sacrificial second layer of jean fabric cut from an old pair) - <a href="Sock" title="Sock">socks</a>, <a href="Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">lip balm</a>, and climate-specific <a href="Outerwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Outerwear">outerwear</a>, are provided by the individual (unless laborers are instructed to work in a climate different from what they typically reside in, for example, high elevation).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_work">Types of work</h2></div>

<p>Some of the work done by laborers includes:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> – <a href="Shotcrete" title="Shotcrete">shotcrete</a>, <a href="Shotcrete#Shotcrete_vs._gunite" title="Shotcrete">gunite</a>, <a href="Grouting" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouting">grouting</a> and <a href="Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a> – <a href="Concrete_saw" title="Concrete saw">concrete cutting</a>, pavement breaking, cutting and removal of interior building parts (framing members, doors, windows, wiring, piping, etc.)</li>

<li><a href="Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a> and <a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Fence" title="Fence">fences</a> and <a href="Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Mowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowing">Mowing</a> and keeping construction site free of weeds</li>

<li><a href="Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">street sweeping</a></li>

<li>Cleaning of the construction site and trash removal</li>

<li>Setting up temporary lights, heaters and other things needed on site</li>

<li><a href="Hod_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Hod carrier">hod carrier</a> – <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>, <a href="Plaster" title="Plaster">plasterers</a> and <a href="Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fireproofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paving</a> – white paving formwork, <a href="Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">traffic control</a>, <a href="Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">striping</a>, signs</li>

<li><a href="Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> – <a href="Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">water pipe</a>, <a href="Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer</a> and <a href="Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a></li>

<li>field <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technology</a></li>

<li>general digging and grading</li>

<li><a href="Tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnels">tunnels</a> – <a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">drilling</a> and <a href="Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">blasting</a></li>

<li>Dry utilities – <a href="Electrical_conduit" title="Electrical conduit">Electrical and communications conduit</a></li>

<li>loading and offloading – handling of physical goods, such as construction materials</li></ul>

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<p>As a manual labor occupation, to attract free workers the wages paid to laborers are higher than those paid in general to other types of unskilled workers (see <a href="Dirty%2C_dangerous_and_demeaning" title="Dirty, dangerous and demeaning">dirty, dangerous and demeaning</a>). In the United States, a union laborer earns equal or greater than most work available to anyone with a bachelor's degree. This is one of a few fields where someone without a high school diploma can still earn a <a href="Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>. Union, heavy construction and highway construction laborers earn on average (2008 US) $25.47/h compared to 13.72/h for non-union laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to paid earnings, union laborers enjoy the benefits of medical insurance, vacation pay, pension plans, representation and vocational schools; totaling $45/hr (2012 US) and some with special skills earn 'over-rate' wages. It is not uncommon for young <a href="Civil_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil engineers">civil engineers</a>, <a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction managers</a> and <a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">construction engineers</a> typical salary of (2007 US$) 40,000 to 60,000 to fall short of their union laborers average wages of 50,000 to 80,000.

</p><p>However, unlike engineers, laborers are not usually employed full-time year-round and face significant hazards. The additional pay laborers receive is often balanced out by the lesser unemployment checks they receive while out of work and the disability checks they receive while injured—often debilitated for life. That is if unemployment and injury insurance is provided, which is often not the case unless they are labor union members. Engineers are also not immune to being out of work. In heavy civil work, some are employed on a project basis and mental injuries due to stress are a different but debilitating hazard. Because of the wide range of skills and ability to simply provide muscle, laborers often earn side-work as independent contractors and <i>under-the-table</i> work.

</p><p>In construction, the pay for laborers is low enough that planning problems can be solved by "throwing laborers at it." This can become a toxic and dangerous brew of unplanned work that slides forward on the blood and sweat of hard-working laborers—injury rates often soar. The value of work put in place by laborers and the value of avoided rework and increased efficiencies produced by the engineers' planning is a balance of resource utilization on any large project.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards_and_conditions">Hazards and conditions</h2></div>

<p>There are dangers associated with laboring. Many laborers are severely injured or killed in accidents each year while performing work duties.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSFNA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSFNA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many who work as laborers for even a short period of time will suffer from permanent work injuries such as: <a href="Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, <a href="Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="Back_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Back injuries">back injuries</a>, <a href="Eye_injury" title="Eye injury">eye injury</a>, <a href="Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>, <a href="Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burn</a> (<a href="Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> sensitivity), <a href="Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">lung disease</a>, missing fingernails and skin scars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a>, <a href="Performance_enhancing_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance enhancing drug">drug use</a>, and <a href="Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a> are common although most companies require <a href="Drug_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug screening">drug screening</a> for all new hires.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a laborer is injured on the job they are immediately given a drug test.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the test results are positive then they are ineligible for any <a href="Workers'_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a gray area for the use of <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> due to <a href="Medical_marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical marijuana">medical marijuana</a> prescriptions. Some who have been dismissed for failing a drug test while possessing a prescription have been later reinstated with pay as having been <a href="Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">wrongfully terminated</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collective_bargaining">Collective bargaining</h2></div>

<p>The Laborers' International Union of North America (<a href="LIUNA" class="mw-redirect" title="LIUNA">LIUNA</a>) represents laborers on public and private projects in North America. Some of the business representatives are laborers who have been so severely injured they can no longer labor. With a phone call and a good reason they will be on-site the next morning asking questions and demanding apologies for mistreatment of laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images">Images</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">'Un ouvrier à Céleyran,' by <a href="Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a> (1882)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborer Resting, by <a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a> (II) (1910)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborer at a brick kiln (2018)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Child laborers (2011)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (2016)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Boulder Dam project (1935)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers at an American aviation field in France (1919)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Fab-yard laborers at a fab plant (2017)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborer crew (early 1900s)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Fab-yard laborers (2017)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Guano laborers (bird guano was used for munitions) (1865)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Central Pacific Railroad laborers (1867)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborer crew (1906)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (early 1900s)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (early 2005)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Concrete laborers (early 1950s)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Pre-communist revolution laborers in Russia (1909)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (2008)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (2010)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (late 1940s)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laborers (1908)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Unionized concrete road laborers (2010)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Building laborer crew (2017)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Road maintenance worker in Hokkaido Japan (2012)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Trim Operator Roger Brown uses robotic presses and computer-controlled machines to produce high-pressure aluminum die-cast automotive components at Port City Group in Muskegon, Michigan.</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">Hard hat</a>, nickname for <a href="Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">construction workers</a></li>

<li><a href="Navvy" title="Navvy">Navvy</a>, particularly applied to describe the manual laborers working on British major civil engineering projects</li>

<li><a href="Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Labour" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Labour">Labour</a></span>.</div></div>

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